2024 2025 IAABO Manual June20_2024

2024 - 2025 The International Association of Approved Basketball Officials, Inc. Crew of Two Basketball Officials Manual

Published by The International Association of Approved Basketball Officials, Inc. PO Box 355, Carlisle, PA 17013-0355 Phone : 717–713–8129 Fax : 717–718–6164 iaabo.org

©2024, This manual has been © copyrighted by the International Association of Approved Basketball Officials, Inc., with the U.S. Copyright Office. No one may republish any material contained herein without prior written consent of IAABO. Republication of all or any portion of this manual on the Internet is expressly prohibited.

Crew of Two Table of Contents

Foreword

1 2 3 4 5 7 8

Introduction to IAABO Mission Statement An Official’s Role Glossary of Terms Pregame: Preparation Pregame Conference Pregame: On the Court

11

Diagrams Court as the Official Views It Warmup Coverage Referee to Scorer’s Table

13 13 14 14 15 16 23 23 24 24 25 25 26 26 27 27 28 28 29 29

Head Coaches and Captains Meeting Instructions to Scorer and Timer Basic Position & Coverage Responsibilities Diagrams Straight-Line View vs. Open Look

Primary Coverage Area Line Responsibility

The Lead Initial Starting Position in Transition

The Lead in Transition

Ball in Lead

Ballside Mechanics The Trail in Transition

Working the Trail (ball below free throw line) Ball Across Basketline in the Trail

Work the Arc Wrap Back

The Trail Staying with Play Position Adjustment Crossover Step

Getting “Under” Shooters Rebound Coverage.

30 30 31 31 32 32 33 34 34 35 35 36 37 38 38 39 39 40 41 44 44 45 45 46

Rebound Coverage the Lead Ballside.

Drives to Basket

Secondary Defender Plays

Pass and Crash

Press Coverage

Diagrams Press Coverage

Delay/Spread Offense Coverage Coverage Between Quarters End of Half Coverage Injury Position Coverage Diagrams Jump Ball Starting Position

Jump Ball

Non Tosser Prepared To Become the Lead (movement right) Non Tosser Prepared To Become the Lead (movement left)

Tosser Becomes the Lead Violation Procedures Diagrams Throw-in Nearest Spot Throw-in

Throw-in Frontcourt Sideline Above Free Throw Line Line Coverage Above Free Throw Line Extended

Throw-in Designated Spot Throw-in After Technical Foul

Throw-in Frontcourt End line (Option)

46 47 47 48 48 49 51 51 52 52 53 53 54 54 55 55 56 56 57 57 58 58 59 59 60 60 61 62 64 65 67 67 68 68

Throw-in Frontcourt Sideline Below Free Throw Line Extended

Throw-in Backcourt End line

Throw-in/Transition Backcourt to Frontcourt

Throw-in/Transition Fast Break

Foul Procedures

Diagrams Foul Reporting Area

Foul Ruling and Freeze Coverage Report Foul Freeze and Switch

Tableside Trail Rules Foul, Frontcourt Throw-in (Opposite Table) Tableside Trail Rules Foul, Backcourt Throw-in. Tableside Trail Rules Foul, Free Throws (Opposite Table) Tableside Trail Rules Foul, Free Throws Opposite End (Opposie Table) Opposite Side Trail Rules Foul, Frontcourt Throw-in Opposite Side Trail Rules Foul, Backcourt Throw-in Opposite Side Trail Rules Foul, Free Throws (Opposite Table) Opposite Side Trail Rules Foul, Free Throws Opposite End (Opposite Table) Tableside Lead Rules Foul, Frontcourt Throw-in Tableside Lead Rules Foul, Backcourt Throw-in Tableside Lead Rules Foul, Free Throws (Opposite Table) Tableside Lead Rules Foul, Free Throws Opposite End (Opposite Table) Opposite Side Lead Rules Foul, Frontcourt Throw-in Opposite Side Lead Rules Foul, Backcourt Throw-in Opposite Side Lead Rules Foul, Free Throws (Opposite Table) Opposite Side Lead Rules Foul, Free Throws Opposite End (Opposite Table)

The Trail Rules Foul In Transition With Pressure.

Team Control Fouls.

Free Throw Administration Coverages

Diagram , Free Throw Coverage (Opposite Table)

Time-out Procedures.

Diagrams 30-Second Time-out Positions 60-Second Time-out Positions Tableside Time-out Positions

Time-out Positions Prior to Free Throws Substitution Procedure and Guidelines

148 149 150 151 152 153 154 155 156 163

Dead Ball Efficiency

Duties of the Alternate Official

Communicating with Head Coaches/Players Behavior Warnings Head Coach/Bench Personnel

Diagram —Correctable Error

Signals/Mechanics Signals and Signaling

Signal Charts

IAABO Manual Signals Sequence/Procedure.

Foreword

Page 1

Foreword The rules of basketball are written in an effort to allow two teams to play so that neither team has an unfair advantage. Before rule changes are made, consideration is given to tall players versus short players, offensive players versus defensive players, etc. The effort is there to keep the game “balanced.” The role of officials is to monitor the actions of the players and to enforce the rules. Proper mechanics are used to ensure that each official is in the proper position at the proper time to better monitor these actions, and to guarantee that proper rulings are made. Proper signals, required by the Rules Book are used to communicate with the scorer and timer, partner, players, coaches, media, and spectators. As the Rules Guide and this Manual are the constant to which all IAABO officials have access, the officials should enforce the rules as written and follow this manual as written. This manual was developed in an effort to improve the effectiveness of each official as they perform their respective duties before, during and after the game. The objective is to maintain uniformity of performance and rules interpretations by all officials. Officials should only use proper and recognized floor mechanics, procedures and approved signals, while making rulings based on the principle of: “One Rule–One Interpretation.” The prerequisites for becoming a qualified, certified, competent and accepted official, must be through a thorough knowledge of the rules, use of proper floor mechanics and approved signals. This manual is an endeavor to better achieve the goal of required uniformity. This manual was written and drawings prepared by the best minds of basketball officiating from the past half century. Their contributions are recognized and greatly appreciated. “Excellence is never an accident.”

Page 2

Introduction to IAABO

Introduction to IAABO For over 100 years, IAABO has been, and continues to be, the leader in recruitment, development, improvement and retention of basketball officials worldwide. IAABO continually emphasizes the principle of “One Rule, One Interpretation” while stressing the acceptance of one set of approved floor mechanics, procedures and signals. IAABO is a nonprofit, service organization with international headquarters located in Secaucus. New Jersey. The IAABO staff is devoted exclusively to servicing basketball officiating and basketball officials. When the benefits of being an IAABO member are compared with membership in any other organization, it becomes very clear why IAABO is the officials’ best friend. It is obvious why IAABO continues to be the No. 1 organization in the world for basketball officials. MEMBERSHIP BENEFITS z Extensive resources z Professional development and training for officials and trainers z Sport specific (basketball) periodical called Sportorials z Continuing education with annual seminars and summer officiating schools z Annual rules and mechanics exams z Video training library z Dr. Phil Fox Clinics z Transfer privileges worldwide z Advanced training technology z Recognition and rewards program z One set of approved floor mechanics, procedures and signals z Rules questions and answer service z Conference calls

z Website with members-only area z Annual international Fall Seminar

“The organization for basketball officials by basketball officials”

Mission Statement

Page 3

IAABO Mission Statement The International Association of Approved Basketball Officials, Inc. is a nonprofit and professional organization managed by and for basketball officials whose primary purpose is to promote, maintain, and ensure the welfare of the game of basketball and officiating. Through strict development of standards, curricula, and continuous instruction, IAABO trains and educates new and experienced officials who are duly charged with representing the spirit of fair play, integrity, and sportsmanship. By promoting the principle of “teachable moments,” IAABO is dedicated to assisting schools and organizations in achieving their educational goals and furthering the ideals of basketball and officiating.

Page 4

An Official’s Role

An Official’s Role A. The function of every school system is to educate their students. In pursuit of these educational goals, schools sponsor sports programs that serve as a foundation for “favorable messages” that each participant receives because of their experiences. B. These favorable messages are :

1. Good sportsmanship 2. Integrity and fair play 3. Learning to follow instructions 4. Striving to accomplish and succeed 5. Goal setting 6. Adhering to standards (dress code and other rules) 7. Working with others (teamwork and conduct) 8. Respect for authority 9. Discipline and controlling emotions

C. Officials are responsible for assisting the schools in achieving these desired results. By taking advantage of “teachable moments,” the official’s role is paramount. As key guardians of the game, officials are charged with maintaining the standards, dignity, and integrity of the game in a firm but friendly, approachable manner. When officials monitor the players, act only when rules dictate a necessity to do so, apply the appropriate penalty, and allow play to continue without unusual delay, they have completed their task professionally and efficiently, giving each team an equal chance to win. Finally, “character counts.”

Glossary of Terms

Page 5

Glossary of Terms

A,B,C —Refers to a process and guide for the Lead’s positioning Ball placement procedure —During time-outs and intermissions, where the administering official holds the ball indicates the direction of the ensuing throw-in: on the left/right hip for sideline throw-ins, and in front of or behind the official for end line throw-ins. Ballside —The side of the basketline where the ball is located. Basketline —The imaginary line that divides the court in half from end line to end line, running through the center of each basket. Box-in —A mechanic in which officials are positioned on opposite sides of the court to guarantee that all ten players are between them and are continually monitored. A visual as well as a physical boxing in is acceptable. Close down —An official’s movement to improve the angle of coverage. For the Lead, it is a mechanic of moving along the end line toward the free throw lane line extended. For the Trail, it is a mechanic used on a try for goal or final free throw attempt to improve rebound coverage by moving toward the end line. Competitive Match-Up —Opponents who are actively competing against one another for the ball and/or a position on the court. Dead ball efficiency —The principle of using dead ball periods to communicate information with partner(s) that will help the crew resume play efficiently and correctly. This information may include identifying the fouler, identifying the free thrower, beckoning substitutes, or communicating which team was last in team control and where the ball will be put into play. Designated spot —A three foot wide box that has no depth limit. This box is set by the official administering the throw-in before placing the ball at the disposal of the thrower. Double whistle —Occurs when two officials sound their whistles at approximately the same time. Field of vision cone —The area of the court within the visual periphery of each official. Freeze —A technique used by the non-ruling official(s) to focus their field of vision on the coverage of all players until the ruling official has completed reporting. When a foul is ruled/reported, the non-ruling official(s) shall freeze their eyes while moving to their next position. Help —Verbal and non-verbal communication between officials. Help may be requested or offered. As a result of the information conveyed, the official responsible for stopping the clock or the assisting official will give the appropriate signal. Depending on the information communicated, either official may give the appropriate signal. If the information is used to change the original ruling, the official responsible for stopping the clock shall give the appropriate signal. If the help information is to communicate an original ruling, the assisting official should give the appropriate signal. I ndicate spot —After a foul, violation, time-out or unusual delay, the ruling

Page 6

Glossary of Terms

official shall indicate the appropriate throw-in spot. Lead (L) —The official whose normal position in the frontcourt is off the end line. Move to improve/Position adjust —Each official must constantly adjust and shift to the most advantageous position within their primary coverage area (PCA) in order to efficiently seek the best angle and monitor the play. Opposite side —The side of the court opposite the scorer’s table. Primary coverage area (PCA) —Specific area on the court that each official observes and is responsible for ruling fouls and violations, according to their position. Primary Defender —A player who initially guards (or attempts to guard) an offensive opponent. Remain and read (R&R) —A term used to emphasize the necessity for each official to remain in position in order to recognize and examine play development before moving in transition. Secondary Defender —A teammate who attempts to help a primary defender guard an opponent after the primary defender has been beaten or when double teaming an opponent. Secondary/Expanded Coverage Area (SCA) —The area outside an official’s Primary Coverage Area. Strongside —The side of the basketline where the Lead is positioned. Switch —Refers to a change of position by officials, during a dead ball, after a foul ruling. Tableside —The side of the court where the scorer’s table is located. Trail (T) —The official whose initial starting position in the frontcourt is at or inside the 28-foot mark. Weakside —Refers to the side opposite from where the Lead is located. Work the Arc —Refers to position-adjustment made by the Trail to better officiate the play in their PCA as the ball moves across the basketline toward the far side of the court away from the Trail’s home position. Wrap Back —A mechanic used by the Trail who has “worked the arc” and then needs to position-adjust back toward the initial starting position at the sideline. This should occur when the ball leaves the Trail’s PCA and/ or during a try from the perimeter. The purpose is to improve PCA and rebounding coverage.

Preparation

Page 7

Preparation

A. Preseason—Official should: 1. Have a fitness program 2. Consider a physical exam 3. Check for uniform and equipment needs 4. Attend board/association meetings, clinics, and study group sessions B. Uniform: 1. Jacket, pants, shoes, laces, socks, and lanyard, if used, must be black. 2. The shirt must be black/white, vertically striped, or if approved by state and/or local board, gray, with or without vertical stripes. C. Jewelry: 1. Wedding bands and engagement rings are the only jewelry permitted. Visible fitness bands are not allowed. D. Game day—Officials should: 1. Confirm assignment, time, site, partner(s), travel, etc. 2. Have habitual procedure for packing uniform and equipment to include: a. Extra whistle b. Extra lanyard c. Ball inflation needle d. Black shoe laces e. Rules Book, Case Book, IAABO Rules Guide, IAABO manual, pregame conference materia.l 3. Arrive early. At least one hour prior to game time preferred. 4. Upon arrival, locate game site administrator and determine where they will be located during the game. 5. Identify the game-time location of security personnel and the Appropriate Health Care Professional on duty (if any). 6. Be in dressing room with sufficient time for proper stretching, dressing, and pregame conference

Page 8

Pregame Conference

Pregame Conference

A. Review

1. Rule changes. 2. Points of emphasis. B. Pregame Responsibilities 1. Position on court during warmups. 2. Twelve-minute mark, the Referee to table, Umpire then responsible for team members of both teams. 3. Remind the Timer of substitution procedure. 4. Remind the Timer , no substitutions after warning horn during a time-out or intermission. 5. Meet team captains and head coaches at appropriate time. C. Court Coverage 1. Jump Ball positioning and responsibilities. 2. Primary coverage area. 3. Good off-ball coverage. Field of vision. Move to improve angle. 4. Ballside, the Lead A–B–C positions. 5. Press situations. 6. Line Responsibilities. 7. Hustle from the Trail to the Lead. 8. Fast break, the Lead goes with ball, the Trail stays with passer and defender. 9. Aware of ball, players, partner. D. Foul Ruling 1. Identify the free thrower. 2. Double whistles. Immediate eye contact with partner. 3. Rule only that which you can see. 4. Freeze (field of vision). 5. Inform partner if ball entered basket during foul; otherwise say nothing.Communication should be verbal only. Do NOT use the “count goal” signal. 6. Help each other with identification of free thrower. E. Free Throws 1. No lane violation can occur until free thrower has possession of ball. 2. The Trail is responsible for top two lane spaces on farther lane line and players not in marked lane spaces. 3. The Trail is responsible for free thrower and flight of ball. 4. The Lead is responsible for first lane space on nearer lane line, and all spaces on farther lane line. 5. The Lead bounces ball to free thrower on all free throws. 6. Once the free throw is released, officials assume normal rebounding responsibilities on their side of the basket line. Note: Be aware of other players who are not positioned along the lane lines.

Pregame Conference

Page 9

F. Throw-ins 1. Box in players (discuss physical and visual boxing in). 2. Good eye contact and give help when needed. 3. Administering official check table before placing the ball at the disposal of the thrower. 4. Designate throw-in spot. 5. On all throw-ins, the administering official has the option to hand or bounce ball to the thrower. 6. Know where ball is to be put in play after a non-shooting foul, violation, time-out or unusual delay. Indicate the spot of he ensuing throw-in immediately. G. Technical Fouls, Flagrant Fouls, Unusual Situations 1. Take your time. 2. Communicate thoroughly with partner and table officials. H. Time-outs and Intervals of Time 1. Check clock. 2. Indicate throw-in spot. 3. One official at the throw-in spot, other official at the division line in 30-second or 60-second position. 4. First horn, official at division line, informs teams and goes to position. 5. Position between quarters. 6. Referee changes possession arrow before leaving the court at halftime. I. Special Situations 1. Substitution Procedures 2. Injured and disqualified player. 3. Alternating possession arrow 4. Bench decorum 5. Fighting/taunting and baiting. 6. Three-point try coverage 7. Goaltending, basket interference, grasping rim, contacting backboard. 8. Clock awareness/Last-Second Try 9. Help Situations, requesting help/offering help 10. Continuous Motion 11. Jump stops and spin moves. 12. Guarding and block/charge 13. Pass/Crash 14. Loose ball play 15. Screen/Screening. 16. Handchecking/contact using the body, Enforce rule 10-7-12. 17. Closely Guarded Counts 18. Post play/Verticality

19. Rebound plays/Verticality 20. Net hung up on rim with the clock running. Page 10

Pregame Conference

Pregame on the Court

Page 11

Pregame: On the Court

A. Arrival, Warmup, Observation, Table Instruction 1. Crew arrives on the court at least 15 minutes prior to game time a. Umpire proceeds to pregame warmup position

b. Referee secures and approves game ball c. Referee secures pregame ceremony format d. Referee proceeds to pregame warmup position

2. Pregame positions are located on sideline opposite the scorer’s table and in line with the 28 foot mark or edge of the coaching box line (see diagram pg.13): a. Officials may engage in light cardiovascular activities and active stretching to warm up before the contest 3. Referee’s position is opposite the home team’s bench where they observe and count visiting team members 4. Umpire’s position is opposite the visiting team’s bench where they observe and count home team members and conveys the information to the Referee. 5. Responsibilities include: a. Check court and equipment b. Prohibit further participation in warm-ups if there is a safety concern. If any illegal apparel/equipment is observed, team members can continue to warm up, but will not be able to participate in the game unless the situation is resolved. If officials observe an issue with illegal uniforms, equipment, or adomments, the issue should be promptly addressed directly with the head coach and not the players. It is recommended that 2 crew members meet with the head coach. During this time, one official should continue to observe both teams during warmups. b. Observe post play moves c. Observe 3-point attempts d. Referee and Umpire may change positions to observe the other team during pregame warm-ups. 7. At the 12-Minute Mark a. Referee goes to scorer’s and timer’s table (see diagram pg. 14) b. Umpire moves to division line to maintain coverage of both teams c. Referee meets and creates comfort level with table personnel, emphasizing their significance as part of the officiating team d. Ensures correct roster information provided to official scorer. e. Gives instructions to scorer and timer (see instructions pg. 15) B. Captains, Head Coaches, Officials Meeting 1. At the 10-minute mark or when the referee completes table instructions, the umpire will join the referee c. Enforce pregame dunking rules d. Enforce sportsmanship rules 6. Use time wisely during warmup period a. Identify pivot foot and moves off of the dribble

Page 12

Pregame on the Court

a. This pregame meeting is held half way between the center restraining circle and the tableside sideline b. This meeting is brief, not intended as a clinic c. The referee will summon the home and visiting team head coaches d. The umpire will summon the home and visiting team captains e. The referee shall: 1. Introduce partner 2. Address the head coaches with the following in question-and response form a. Can we expect good sportsmanship from everyone involved? b. Are your team members legally equipped, not wearing jewelry, and will they be wearing their uniforms properly? 3. Confirm or ask if there is an appropriate health care professional covering the game? 4. Address other appropriate issues, as necessary. 2. The crew a. Returns to original pregame observation positions b. Goes to the table when warmup ends for both teams c. Removes jackets d. Moves to the jump ball positions at the appropriate time

Court/Warmup Coverage

Page 13

Court as the Official Views It

Court awareness is greatly enhanced with an understanding of these “imaginary lines.” It is a visual frame of reference that depicts free throw lanes, nearest spot, basketline as it relates to PCA, center restraining circle, and coaching box. Warmup Coverage

Referee observes visiting team warmup. Umpire observes home team warmup. Officials use time wisely, identify pivot foot, movement on 3-point attempts, post play moves, etc. Officials observe the same team in both pregame warm-up and at half time.

Page 14

Scorer/Meeting

Referee to Scorer’s Table

Referee to confer with scorer and timer and check scorebook for roster, numbers and starters at approximately 12 minutes before designated start. When Referee goes to scorer’s table, Umpire moves to division line to observe both teams. Head Coaches and Captains Meeting

Head coaches and team captain(s) must attend a pregame meeting with officials. Meeting takes place between table and center circle. Head coach must respond to Referee’s questions regarding jewelry, equipment, uniforms, and sportsmanship

Instructions to Scorer and Timer

Page 15

Instructions to Scorer and Timer 1. Introductions a. Request their assistance as members of the officiating team. 2. Scorer a. Designate the official scorer. b. Verify the accuracy of rosters in the scorebook. c. Inform the closest official when there is an issue with the roster. Note: The scorer should wait until the next dead ball to communicate with officials, unless the team in question has control. d. Request eye contact whenever an official reports to the table. e. It is the responsibility of the non-official scorer(s) to compare records with the official scorer. The official scorer will notify the referee immediately of any discrepancy between the records. f. The progressive score is recorded first and is the official score. g. Warnings and recordkeeping. h. Time-out record. Signal an official if the team granted a time-out has no more remaining. i. Alternating possession arrow setting and recording. j. Awareness of bonus situations. k. Awareness of team control fouls, no free throws. l. Substitutes—must report. Inform an official immediately when a player, team member or coach has been disqualified. Correctable errors, scoring mistakes, AP procedure. 3. Timer a. Substitutes—must be ready, a horn is required. b. Timing mistakes. c. The requirement to inform the crew and three minutes before the start of the second half. d. When a player has been directed to leave the game, sound the warning horn when the official signals the timer to start the 15 seconds interval to replace the player. e. The timer must also sound the horn at the end of the 15-second replacement interval. f. End of quarter/overtime period- If the timer’s signal fails or is not heard, the timer may use whatever method necessary to inform officials that time has ended. g. If a goal or a foul has occurred near the expiration of time, the referee may discuss the situation with the table officials to assist in arriving at a decision.

Page 16

Position and Responsibilities

Basic Position & Coverage Responsibilities

1. The officiating crew consists of a Referee and an Umpire. The referee is the game’s administrator and decides upon matters not specifically covered by the rules. The umpire assists the referee. Neither official has the authority to set aside or question decisions made by the other within the limits of their respective outlined duties. 2. The two officiating positions are referred to as the Lead and Trail. 3. The result of the jump ball to start the game or overtime period, the location of throw-ins and free throw administration, determine the Lead and Trail positions. 4. The specific primary coverage areas (PCA) serve as a guide to assure that the players and the game are well supervised by the team of officials. Officials must master the concept of PCA. They must be aware when the ball enters their PCA and when to relinquish ball coverage when it enters their partner’s PCA. When the ball is within an official’s PCA concentration is centered on the players and the ball in that area. Pivot foot recognition is crucial as well as attention to more aggressive defense. Therefore, the official has a more narrow “on the ball” field of vision cone. Conversely, the “off the ball” official is often free to improve the overall crew’s coverage by expanding their field of vision cone because there are fewer players and less action in their PCA (see page 25). 5. When the ball is in the Lead’s PCA, their coverage area includes the free throw lane and the area bordered by the free throw line extended and the sideline on the Lead’s side of the basketline. The Trail’s PCA consists of the remainder of the frontcourt. When the ball is in the Trail’s PCA and above the free throw line extended, the Lead must expand their PCA to include the area beyond the free throw lane bordered by the free throw line extended and the 3-point arc on the Trail’s side of the basketline (see pages 25 and 28). 6. Both officials a. Must be aware of the location of the ball, players and partner. b. When your partner is officiating on-ball with the ball in their PCA. The off-ball official should expand their vision and seek out the “nearest competitive matchup.” c. Rule on closely guarded, 3 seconds, and 3-point attempts within their PCA. d. Must be willing to assist partner to rule on “off ball” contact in the secondary/expanded coverage area (SCA) when ball is in partner’s PCA. When making rulings in the SCA, officials should be reminded to ”Be Late”, ”Be Needed” and most importantly ”Be Right”! e. Must be alert and communicate during times when the ball is dead. f. Must consistently apply the concept of eye contact at all times. 7. Basic Positioning - the Lead a. In transition, is ideally ahead of the ball and the play. Should keep the

Position and Responsibilities Page 17 players and the court in their field of vision by looking over their inside shoulder as they move toward the end line to become the new Lead. b. If it is not possible to be ahead of the play, the Lead should attempt to get an open look by “trailing the play” on potential contact situations in transition. (See diagram on page 25). c. The official should select an initial starting position based on ball/ player location. (See diagram on page 24). d. The Lead has primary coverage on block/charge plays in the lane. The Lead is responsible for identifying potential secondary defenders in anticipation of block/ charge plays. (See diagram on pages 31-32). e. Should have depth off the end line, if possible. 8. Ball Side Mechanics a. When in the frontcourt, the Lead’s starting position should be 3-4 ft. behind the end line, mirroring the ball if it is on the Lead’s side of the basketline. If the ball is on the Lead’s opposite side of the basketline, the Lead should start at position B and be ready to initiate a position adjustment to the C position. The Lead should position-adjust to maintain proper ball coverage, using the A-B-C principle (See page 26). b. If the ball moves to basketline, the Lead should close down toward the free throw lane line extended (B position) (See page 26). c. If in the closed-down (B position) when a try is attempted or a drive to the basket takes place on the Lead’s side of the basketline, the Lead should position-adjust toward the sideline to increase their field of vision. d. The Lead should not move to ball side during a try or a drive to the basket. e. If screening and/or low post play activity develops while ball is in the Trail’s official’s PCA, the Lead should move across the lane-extended area to “ball side” (C Position) to assist with competitive match-ups away from the ball. f. The Lead should move quickly across lane-extended area and continue to monitor any existing or potential match- ups in the lane area. g. If players and or ball return to the initial side of the lane, the Lead should adjust position to original side of lane. h. When the defending team secures control of the ball and moves toward its basket in transition, the Lead (new Trail) will Position-adjust to the original side of the lane and progress up the court. Note : The Lead should not leave or close down if there are any active competitive match-ups within their PCA, even if ball crosses basketline. They should continue to monitor these players regardless of ball location. If/ when this match-up is resolved and/or moves outside the PCA, the Lead should continue with close down toward lane (B position) if ball is across basketline. 9. Basic Positioning - the Trail a. As the ball advances from backcourt to frontcourt with defensive pressure, the Trail should be behind the ball to maintain an open look on the ball handler and primary defender. b. As the ball advances from backcourt to frontcourt without defensive

Page 18 Position and Responsibilities a. pressure, the Trail should be in position to have an open look as the ball advances into the frontcourt. b. If the ball is advancing in transition well ahead of the Trail, they should hustle into the frontcourt to be in proper position to officiate in their primary coverage area (PCA). c. Should take an initial starting position at or near the 28’ line near the sideline when the ball is located in the frontcourt. If/When the ball/players are in the midcourt area, the Trail should Position-adjust onto the court or toward the division line to maintain open looks on competitive match-ups in midcourt area. d. If there are no players in the midcourt area, the Trail should remain positioned at or below the 28-foot mark on the sideline. e. Should position-adjust to get open angles between the shooter and defender(s) on all perimeter shot attempts within their PCA. The Trail should attempt to “get under shooters” as much as possible. This may require the official to step toward the end line to obtain a proper angle. At times, it may be more efficient to move onto the court and get “on top” of the play to obtain an open view between the shooter and defender(s). f. Should “stay with the shooter” and ensure there is no illegal contact after the ball is released on a try and see the shooter return to the floor. After the shooter returns to the floor, applies the close down mechanic (step toward the end line) on a try for goal and on a final free throw attempt to improve rebound coverage. (See the shooter “ UP ”, see the shooter “ DOWN ”, see the next move then see the “ REBOUND ”). g. Is responsible for flight of ball on try for goal and free throw; primarily responsible for basket interference, goaltending and backboard rulings. h. Is responsible for rulings in their PCA, the division line, all of the backcourt, the farthest end line and farther sideline above the free throw line extended. i. Should not retreat in anticipation of transition nor move in transition from the Trail to the Lead position with their back turned to the play. j. Primarily responsible for ruling on last-second try. k. When the Lead is officiating a competitive matchup off-ball in the low post and the ball enters their PCA, the Trail should stay with the ball momentarily until the Lead has clearly accepted ball coverage (See Diagram on page 29). 10. On an attempted 3-point goal, the covering official will signal by extending one arm at head level with three fingers extended. It is recommended the official signal the 3-point attempt using the arm closest to the division line. If the attempt is successful, the official will raise both arms straight up with palms facing each other. When the Lead signals a successful 3-point goal, the Trail will mirror that signal. The Lead does not mirror signal of the Trail. 11. All situations that involve counting, except the 3-second rule, require the official to display a visible count. The count should start at chest height and extendhorizontally, not to exceed shoulder height, with open palm facing

Position and Responsibilities Page 19 downward. When going from one counting situation directly to another the official will change/switch arms. The 10-second free throw count shall be a wrist flick motion with open palm, arm held close to official’s side (use tableside hand) If an official begins a closely guarded count on a dribbler, the count should be maintained until the player stops dribbling, regardless of location in the frontcourt. If illegal contact occurs between a dribbler and defender while the official is continuing the count outside their PCA, primary responsibility for that illegal contact falls on the official in whose PCA the contact occurs. Officials should count with same arm until status of the ball changes (e.g. dribble to hold, hold to dribble, loss of control). 12. Prior to a throw-in after an intermission, timeout, or unusual delay, the administering official shall sound the whistle, state the color of the jersey, signal the direction of the team receiving the ball, and designate the throw-in spot before placing the ball at the disposal of the thrower. If free throws are to follow a time-out or unusual delay, the administering official shall sound the whistle, verbalize the number of free throws to be attempted, and place the ball at the disposal of the free thrower. 13. Double Whistles a. Double whistles should generally only occur near areas where coverage areas intersect and overlap. b. The official who is ruling within their PCA should be primarily responsible for the ruling. The official ruling outside their PCA should generally drop their signal after making eye contact and defer to the primary official to signal the infraction. c.If the secondary official has a ruling that precedes or impacts the primary official’s ruling, they may take the ruling if the primary official defers. This may require a brief conference. If there is any question or doubt with regard to what the accurate ruling should be or which foul or violation occurred first, officials should confer, even if only for a moment. d. After conferring, the final ruling should be signaled by the official whose call the crew determined was correct. 14. Held Ball a. The ruling officials should simultaneously sound the whistle, signal to stop the clock, and then signal, the held ball. b. The official closest to the play should take a couple steps toward the players. If it appears a potential altercation may occur, official should react quickly and attempt to get between players. c.The non-ruling official should remain back, freeze their eyes on the other players and be prepared to monitor bench areas. d. After play is stopped, the official facing the table will determine the direction of the alternating possession arrow. Once determining the direction of arrow, official facing table will signal the direction. e. Official facing away from table will continue to monitor players during dead ball period. Once the direction of arrow is determined and play is settled, the ruling official should verbalize the color of the team receiving the ball, signal direction and indicate the throw-in spot. 15. Discuss line responsibility and coverage of the frontcourt sideline above the free throw line extended in detail during pregame (see diagram on p.44).

Page 20

Position and Responsibilities

16. Help Situations and Conference a. At times, circumstances warrant that the officiating crew conference. Help may be asked for or offered. The officials should maintain visual coverage of the players and bench area during the conference. b. Should an unusual situation or circumstance occur that requires an explanation, both head coaches should be invited to be present. Unusual situations would include, but not be limited to, fighting, correctable errors and alternate possession, scoring or timing mistakes. c. When the clock is stopped and the ball is dead, with limited playing time remaining, communication between partners and table personnel is imperative. 17. Clock Awareness/Last-Second Try a. After putting the ball in play, check to see that the clock was properly started. b. After each whistle, check to see that the clock was properly stopped. c.One-minute-remaining - It is recommended that officials raise an index finger in the air. d. The Trail is primarily responsible for the last-second try. e. If the Trail is not in the half of the court where the try is attempted from, the Lead assumes primary responsibility. f. Late in a quarter/period during a deadball, it is suggested that the official responsible for the last-second try indicate responsibility by placing a hand on their chest. g. Officials should ONLY sound the whistle to signify the end of the quarter/period to rule that a try was NOT released prior to the signal. h. It is imperative that the primary official on a last-second try, signal a 3-point attempt but not give a successful 3-point signal unless they are responsible for the last-second try. If/when the official responsible for the last-second try indicates the goal shall count, the official who signaled the 3-point attempt may then display the successful 3-point goal signal. i. Use time-outs near the end of any quarter/period to communicate the coverage for any last-second try for goal. Each official should be aware of remaining time in quarter/period and be alert for timer’s signal. 18. End-of-Quarter/Period Procedures a. By rule, the quarter or period ends when the red or LED signal illuminates. In facilities that do not have red or LED lights, the audible horn is the official ending of a quarter/period. b. Officials should ONLY sound the whistle to signify the end of the quarter/period when ruling a try was NOT released prior to the signal to end the period. 19. Between Quarters (see diagram on p. 35) a. Referee takes position at the division line, using proper ball placement procedure. b. Umpire shall take a position on the neutral zone (low block), opposite the table in the frontcourt of the throw-in team. 20. End-of-First Half Procedure (see diagram on p. 35)

Position and Responsibilities

Page 21

a. The crew shall meet at the center circle b. When coaches and players have left the bench area, the Referee shall: 4. check with the scorer 5. ensure the AP arrow is set in the correct direction 6. instruct timer to notify teams and officials at least 3 minutes prior to start of second half e. After returning to the court, each official observes the team they monitored during the pregame warm-up period. f. When warning horn sounds 3. Referee goes to division line at the sideline opposite scorer’s table 4. Umpire e. goes to the table f. checks with the scorer and timer for readiness g. relays the ball to the referee h. assumes the Lead position in the frontcourt 21. Overtime Period —The Referee shall inform the head coaches, scorer and timer. The procedure will include: a. A 4-minute period, starting with a jump ball b. A new AP arrow setting c. Each team receives one additional 60-second time-out d. Teams’ basket remains the same as the fourth quarter 22. End-of-Game Procedure a. The Referee must make eye contact with the scorer to confirm no problems are evident and approve the final score prior to leaving the visual confines of playing area. b. The “team of officials” shall leave the playing area together 23. Injury Procedure a. If a player appears to require immediate attention, officials should stop the game immediately and beckon appropriate personnel. b. If the location of an injured player could cause an imminent safety concern for players, the game should be stopped immediately. c. If an injured player does not appear to require immediate attention and a scoring attempt is imminent, officials should allow play to continue until the scoring attempt no longer exists and then stop play to address the injury situation. d. If bench personnel are beckoned and enter the court to attend to an injured player, the player must be removed from the game for at least one start and stop of the clock. The player may not re-enter unless a time-out is granted to their team and the player is ready to play at the conclusion of the time-out. e. If bench personnel do not enter the court and the injured player is immediately ready to play, the ball should be put back into play without further delay. f. Officials should not touch or attempt to provide treatment to an injured player. When feasible, one official should remain with the injured player until bench personnel arrive. g. During an injury delay, teams may move to their time-out areas. If the

Page 22 Position and Responsibilities h. delay is longer than a minute or two, teams should be permitted to rest in their bench area. i. The official who stops play should immediately verbalize and signal how and where the ball will be put in play following the injury period (point of interruption). If neither team was in control of the ball at the time play was stopped, the team entitled to the next AP throw-in will be awarded the ball when play resumes. As needed, partner(s) should offer information. j. After conferring and verifying pertinent information, officials should move to their designated injury positions or an area of the court that is away from the injured player and continue to monitor the benches (see diagram on p.36). The Referee should confer with game personnel and inform coaches, partner(s), and table personnel regarding the continuation of the game. k. When injury situations occur, the safety of players must be our priority. Officials should be wary of attempts to cause them to stop play when doing so will put their opponents at a disadvantage. 24. Concussion Procedure: a. Players who exhibit any sign, symptom, or behavior consistent with a concussion shall be removed from the game. Return to play, if permitted by law, shall be allowed upon clearance by an Appropriate Health Care Professional as designated by state association policy. Note : All states have laws that address sports‑related concussions and established protocols that may differ from the rule. Officials must become familiar with the protocols established in their states. 25. Blood Procedure: a. If bleeding is judged to be excessive or dangerous, play should be stopped immediately. If a player is bleeding, has an open wound, or has blood on their uniform or person, the player shall be directed to leave the game. The player may not re-enter until the blood situation has been rectified unless a time-out is granted to their team and the player is ready to play at the conclusion of the time-out. 26. Net Hung Up Procedure: a. Follow procedures established by your state association. b. If your state does not provide any guidance, it is recommended that officials make a mental note of the situation and allow play to continue until the next dead ball with a stopped clock OR the ball is in team control of the affected team in their front court and they are not making an immediate try for goal. Quickly have game management untangle the net and resume play at Point of Interruption.

View/PCA

Page 23

Straight-Lined View vs. Open Look View

Being in the right position is critical for making correct rulings. Not only do officials have to be in the right position on the floor, but we must be in a position to be able to see through players to observe contact. The official on the left is looking at the numbers of both the ball handler and defender, has a “closed look”, is “straight-lined” and is not in good position to observe and rule on any contact between the two players. The official must “Move to Improve” to get the “Open Angle” look between the players the official on the right has. By being able to see through the play and players and not looking at numbers officials have a better chance of seeing and ruling on contact rather than not. Primary Coverage Area (PCA)

Blue , the Trail PCA; Orange , Dual or the Lead Expanded Coverage; Green , the Lead PCA. At times, a play may necessitate a crew member to expand their field of vision

Page 24

Lines/Starting Position

Line Responsibility

Lines in Blue are the Trail’s responsibility. Lines in Green are the Lead’s responsibility. The Lead Initial Starting Position in Transition

The Lead should take an initial starting position along the end line based on player and ball location. 1) When the ball is advancing near the Lead’s sideline, the Lead should be positioned wide at the “A” position. 2) When the ball is advancing in the middle of the court, the Lead should be positioned between the “A” and “B” positions. 3) When the ball is advancing on the opposite sideline, the Lead should “cut the corner” and move directly to the “B” position and be ready for possible position adjustment to the C position when the Trail enters the frontcourt.

Lead Transition/PCA

Page 25

The Lead in Transition

If it is not possible to be ahead of the play, the Lead should attempt to get an open look by “trailing the play” on potential contact situations in transition.

Ball in Lead (PCA)

When the ball is in the Lead’s PCA, their focus is on the ball and players in the PCA. Trail should have an expanded field of vision to improve the crew’s coverage and focus on the players in their PCA.

Page 26

Ballside/Trail Transition

Ballside Mechanics

The Lead should close down toward lane (B position) when ball moves toward basketline. When the ball and either low post play and/or screening activity develops in the Trail’s PCA, the Lead should move across lane-extended area (C position) to assist with coverage. (Left) the Lead moves across lane-extended area to get an open angle on low post matchup. (Right) the Lead moves across lane-extended area to assist the Trail with screening activity. The Trail in Transition

(Left) As the ball advances from backcourt to frontcourt on the other side of the basketline, the Trail should be 1-2 steps behind the ball to maintain an open look between the dribbler and primary defender. (Right) As the ball advances from backcourt to frontcourt on the Trail’s side of basketline, the Trail should be sideline- oriented and keep pace with the ball to maintain an open look between the dribbler and primary defender..

Working the Trail/Arc

Page 27

Working the Trail (ball below free throw line)

The Trail should be sideline-oriented and avoid the “penalty box” – the area between the top of the coaching box and the division line – unless it is necessary to get an open look between a matchup within their PCA.

Ball Across Basketline in the Trail (PCA)

When the ball is across the basketline in the Trail’s PCA, the Trail must focus on the ball and players in their PCA (the Trail works the arc). The Lead’s PCA expands to include the area beyond the free throw lane and below the free throw line extended, to the 3-point arc. The Lead’s focus should be on players in their PCA and on expanding their field of vision to improve coverage.